Different contraceptive methods have their own mechanism of action to prevent pregnancy. This means that each method can vary in both its effectiveness and the time it takes to begin working.
Barrier methods, such as condoms, begin working immediately upon correct and consistent usage. While hormonal methods — such as the pill or patch — may take some time to achieve maximum effectiveness.
The pill
Combined and progestin-only pills are oral contraceptive methods commonly referred to as “the pill”. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestin hormones, while progestin-only pills only contain progestin.
Examples of the combined pills include:
- levonorgestrel ethinyl estradiol (Alesse)
- ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Microgestin)
Progestin-only pills include:
- norethindrone (Ortho Micronor)
- drospirenone (Slynd)
Birth control pills work by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. This makes it difficult for sperm to reach the egg. The pill is highly effective when taken correctly and consistently.
Combined pills start working after 7 days of consistent usage. Progestin-only pills generally become effective in preventing pregnancy after 48 hours if started within the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle.
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), birth control pills are about 91% effective with correct and consistent use. Still, missing pills or not taking them simultaneously daily can decrease their effectiveness by 9%.
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Intrauterine device (IUD)
IUDs are among the most effective birth control methods, with effectiveness rates exceeding 99%. Examples include:
- hormonal IUDs such as levonorgestrel (Mirena)
- copper IUDs such as copper T 380A (ParaGard)
A hormonal IUD is a small T-shaped device inserted into the uterus, releasing progestin hormones to prevent ovulation and thinning the lining of the uterus. It starts working immediately if a doctor inserts it within 7 days after starting your period, preventing pregnancy for 3–5 years.
In contrast, copper IUDs don’t contain hormones but work by releasing copper ions to create a hostile environment for sperm, thus preventing fertilization. They can provide contraception for up to 10 years and start working immediately upon insertion.
Implant
A birth control implant involves inserting a small, flexible rod under the skin of the upper arm. It continuously releases progestin hormone to prevent pregnancy for up to 3 years.
The implant begins working immediately after insertion if inserted within the first 5 days of your menstrual cycle. It provides reliable contraception with an effectiveness rate of over 99%. A common example is etonogestrel (Nexplanon).
Birth control injections
The birth control injection, or the medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) shot, is a highly effective contraceptive method. It involves receiving an injection of progestin hormone every 3 months.
The injection begins working immediately if given within the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle, but it may take up to 7 days if given at any other time. With typical use, it has a success rate of 94%.
Vaginal ring
The vaginal ring is a contraceptive method that involves inserting a small, flexible ring into the vagina. It releases estrogen and progestin hormones to prevent ovulation. You should change it every month.
The ring is effective immediately if you insert it on the first day of your period, providing up to 91% effectiveness in preventing pregnancy.
Condoms
They create a physical barrier that prevents the transfer of semen from the penis to the vagina. When used consistently and correctly during sexual intercourse, male and female condoms are immediately effective.
With typical use, male condoms are 82% effective, while female condoms are 79% effective.
Patch
This method involves applying a small adhesive patch to the skin, which releases estrogen and progestin hormones to prevent pregnancy. You need to change the patch once a week for 3 weeks, followed by a patch-free week to allow for menstruation.
The patch starts working immediately if placed within 5 days of your menstrual cycle, and when used correctly, it is 91% effective in preventing pregnancy. A common birth control patch is ethinyl estradiol, which is available under the following brands:
Vasectomy
This is a permanent contraceptive method for males that prevents sperm from reaching the semen. It may take up to 12 weeks for the remaining sperm to be cleared from the reproductive system, so backup contraception is needed until healthcare professionals confirm sperm clearance through testing.
Vasectomy is highly effective, with a failure rate of less than 1%, making it a reliable option for contraception.
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Get free cardTubal ligation
This is a surgical procedure that involves blocking or closing the fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus. It takes effect immediately after the procedure, so you don’t need any additional contraception. Tubal ligation is highly effective, with a failure rate of less than 1%.
What decreases the effectiveness of birth control?
Several factors can decrease the effectiveness of birth control methods, including:
- Medication interactions: Certain prescription drugs, such as some antibiotic medications, may interfere with the effectiveness of oral hormonal birth control.
- Inconsistent usage: Failure to consistently use birth control methods, such as missing doses or not following the recommended instructions, can reduce their effectiveness.
- Health conditions: Certain health conditions, such as severe diarrhea, can reduce the absorption of oral contraceptives.
- Timing of inserted devices: Some contraceptive methods, such as IUDs, must be inserted correctly and within the recommended time frame to ensure effectiveness. Not following these guidelines may result in decreased contraceptive protection.
- Storage and expiration: Improper storage or use of expired birth control products can also compromise effectiveness.
Summary
Choosing a suitable birth control method requires careful consideration and understanding. Several birth control methods can prevent pregnancy, such as:
- pills
- contraceptive implants
- condoms
- IUDs
- patches
Still, it’s essential to use them consistently and correctly. Factors such as inconsistent usage, medication interactions, and certain health conditions can decrease their effectiveness.
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